Esperanto Grammar
- 16 Basic Rules
- No Exceptions
- No Exceptions
1. Only one definite article
"LA" You use it for all sexes, cases, and numbers. (There's no indefinite article.)
3. Adjectives end in "A" - -(Same Plural and Case Endings as nouns)
Comparative - - use "PLI" (more) and "OL" (than) Superlative - - use "PLEJ" (most) 5. Personal Pronouns
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POSSESSIVES
add "a" i.e., mine = mia |
7. Adverbs end in "E"
Comparison as with adjectives
9. Every word is
Pronounced as it is spelled.
11. Words are formed by joining
Roots, suffixes and endings, with the chief of these coming last.
13. To show Direction toward - - Nouns take accusative ending.
15. International words can become Esperanto words
By conforming to Esperanto spelling and grammar, i.e., telefono = telephone.
2. Nouns end in "O" - -
For Plural - - add "J" (sounds like "Y" in English)
For Cases - - Nominative "O" (as is)
Accusative "ON" (object)
For Cases - - Nominative "O" (as is)
Accusative "ON" (object)
4. Numerals are Not declined
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100 = CENT
1000 = MIL 20 = DUDEK 30 = TRIDEK 200 = DUCENT |
6. Verbs - - no change
for PERSON or NUMBER
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Present (being) = as
Past (been) = is Future (going to be) = os Conditional = us Imperative = u Infinitive = i |
Participles
Active Present = ant Active Past = int Active Future = ont Passive Present = at Passive Past = it Passive Future = ot |
PASSIVE uses "esti" (to be) & passive
participle of verb. PREPOSITION is "de".
participle of verb. PREPOSITION is "de".
8. Prepositions followed by a nominative case
10. Accent is always on the Next to Last Syllable.
12. Negative - - omit "ne" if more than one negative in sentence.
14. Each Preposition has definite and constant meaning but ..
Use variable "JE" (which has no meaning) if sense doesn't indicate what it should be, such as for time and measurement (or instead of "JE" use accusative and no preposition).
16. Final Vowel of Nouns and Article
May be omitted and replaced with an apostrophe, as in poetry.